Subscriptions are available for individual or multi-patient entry versions. The same absolute values are used in men.FRAX is now available for use without internet. T-scores are based on the NHANES reference values for women aged 20-29 years. The site and reference technology is DXA at the femoral neck. For this reason reliance should not be placed on a patient's report of 'arthritis' unless there is clinical or laboratory evidence to support the diagnosis. However, osteoarthritis is, if anything, protective. Clinical judgment should be used for low or high exposures. This is not taken into account and the computations assume average exposure. the higher the exposure, the greater the risk. These risk factors appear to have a dose-dependent effect, i.e. Fracture probability is also underestimated with multiple fractures. The probability of fracture computed may therefore be underestimated. A prior clinical vertebral fracture or a hip fracture is an especially strong risk factor.

A fracture detected as a radiographic observation alone (a morphometric vertebral fracture) counts as a previous fracture. In patients without a BMD test, the field should be left blank (see also notes on risk factors) (provided by Oregon Osteoporosis Center).ДЄ special situation pertains to a prior history of vertebral fracture. Alternatively, enter the T-score based on the NHANES III female reference data. (BMD) Please select the make of DXA scanning equipment used and then enter the actual femoral neck BMD (in g/cm2). This is equivalent to a standard glass of beer (285ml), a single measure of spirits (30ml), a medium-sized glass of wine (120ml), or 1 measure of an aperitif (60ml) (see also notes on risk factors). A unit of alcohol varies slightly in different countries from 8-10g of alcohol. These include type I (insulin dependent) diabetes, osteogenesis imperfecta in adults, untreated long-standing hyperthyroidism, hypogonadism or premature menopause (<45 years), chronic malnutrition, or malabsorption and chronic liver diseaseД®nter yes if the patient takes 3 or more units of alcohol daily. Otherwise enter no (see also notes on risk factors).Д®nter yes if the patient has a disorder strongly associated with osteoporosis.

Enter yes or no.Д®nter yes or no depending on whether the patient currently smokes tobacco (see also notes on risk factors).Д®nter yes if the patient is currently exposed to oral glucocorticoids or has been exposed to oral glucocorticoids for more than 3 months at a dose of prednisolone of 5mg daily or more (or equivalent doses of other glucocorticoids) (see also notes on risk factors).Д®nter yes where the patient has a confirmed diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. This enquires for a history of hip fracture in the patient's mother or father. Enter yes or no (see also notes on risk factors). If ages below or above are entered, the programme will compute probabilities at 40 and 90 year, respectively.ДЄ previous fracture denotes more accurately a previous fracture in adult life occurring spontaneously, or a fracture arising from trauma which, in a healthy individual, would not have resulted in a fracture.

The model accepts ages between 40 and 90 years. If the field is left blank, then a 'no' response is assumed.

Clinicians judgment and/or patient preferences may indicate treatment for people with 10-year fracture probabilities above or below these levelsДЇor the clinical risk factors a yes or no response is asked for.

Low bone mass (T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 at the femoral neck or spine) and a 10-year probability of a hip fracture в‰Ґ 3% or a 10-year probability of a major osteoporosis-related fracture в‰Ґ 20% based on the US-adapted WHO algorithm.

T-score в‰¤ -2.5 at the femoral neck or spine after appropriate evaluation to exclude secondary causes.

A hip or vertebral (clinical or morphometric) fracture.

Consider FDA-approved medical therapies in postmenopausal women and men aged 50 years and older, based on the following:

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